Prokaryotic Cells: The Ancient Microbes

What are Prokaryotes?

Prokaryotes are single-celled microorganisms that are the oldest form of life on Earth.

They lack a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, making them simpler than eukaryotes, which include animals, plants, and fungi.

Size: Typically range from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers in diameter.
Structure: Consists of a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a nucleoid (region containing DNA).
DNA: Circular DNA molecule found in the nucleoid.
Cell Wall: Provides protection and maintains cell shape.
Organelles: Lack membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Prokaryotes belong to two domains:

Most common type of prokaryote.
Include both harmful (e.g., Salmonella) and beneficial (e.g., Lactobacillus) species.

Extreme-loving organisms found in extreme environments (e.g., hot springs, deep sea).
Unique cell wall structure and distinct genetic material.

Prokaryotes play crucial roles in:

Nutrient cycling: Decompose organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the environment.
Symbiotic relationships: Form symbiotic relationships with other organisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots.
Industrial applications: Used in biotechnology, such as in fermentation and antibiotic production.
Medical importance: Include both pathogens that cause diseases and beneficial microbes used in probiotics.

Prokaryotic cells are ancient microorganisms that have shaped the history of life on Earth.

Their unique characteristics and profound importance in various ecosystems make them a fascinating and integral part of our planet.